Summary of Rizal

Republic Act No. 1425, known as the  Rizal Law, mandates all educational institutions in the  Philippines  to offer courses about  Jose Rizal. The full name of the law is  An Act to Include in the Curricula of All Public and Private Schools, Colleges and Universities Courses On the Life, Works and Writings of  Jose Rizal, Particularly His Novels  Noli Me Tangere  and  El Filibusterismo, Authorizing the Printing and Distribution Thereof, and for Other Purposes.The measure was strongly opposed by the Roman Catholic Church in the Philippines due to the anti-clerical themes in  Noli Me Tangere  andEl Filibusterismo. Senator  Claro M. Recto  was the main proponent of the then Rizal Bill. He sought to sponsor the bill at Congress. However, this was met with stiff opposition from the Catholic Church. During the  1955 Senate election, the church charged Recto with being a communist and an anti-Catholic.After Recto's election, the Church continued to oppose the bil l mandating the reading of Rizal's novels  Noli Me Tangere  and  El Filibusterismo, claiming it would violate  freedom of conscience  and  religion. [1] In the campaign to oppose the Rizal bill, the Catholic Church urged its adherents to write to their congressmen and senators showing their opposition to the bill; later, it organized symposiums. In one of these symposiums, Fr. Jesus Cavanna argued that the novels belonged to the past and that teaching them would misrepresent current conditions.Radio commentator Jesus Paredes also said that Catholics had the right to refuse to read them as it would â€Å"endanger their salvation†. [1] Groups such as Catholic Action of the Philippines, the  Congregation of the Mission, the  Knights of Columbus, and the Catholic Teachers Guild organized opposition to the bill; they were countered by Veteranos de la Revolucion (Spirit of 1896), Alagad in Rizal, the Freemasons, and the  Knights of Rizal. The Senate Committee on E ducation sponsored a bill co-written by both  Jose P.Laurel  and Recto, with the only opposition coming from  Francisco Soc Rodrigo,  Mariano Jesus Cuenco, and  Decoroso Rosales. [2] The  Archbishop of Manila,  Rufino Santos, protested in a  pastoral letter  that Catholic students would be affected if compulsory reading of the unexpurgated version were pushed through. [3]  Arsenio Lacson, Manila's mayor, who supported the bill, walked out of Mass when the priest read a circular from the archbishop denouncing the bill. [4] Rizal, according to  Cuenco, â€Å"attack[ed] dogmas, beliefs and practices of the Church.The assertion that Rizal limited himself to castigating undeserving priests and refrained from criticizing, ridiculing or putting in doubt dogmas of the Catholic Church, is absolutely gratuitous and misleading. † Cuenco touched on Rizal's denial of the existence of  purgatory, as it was not found in the Bible, and that Moses and Jesus Christ did not mention its existence; Cuenco concluded that a â€Å"majority of the Members of this Chamber, if not all [including] our good friend, the gentleman from Sulu† believed in purgatory. 5]  The senator from Sulu, Domocao Alonto, attacked Filipinos who proclaimed Rizal as â€Å"their national hero but seemed to despise what he had written†, saying that theIndonesians  used Rizal's books as their Bible on their independence movement;  Pedro Lopez, who hails from Cebu, Cuenco's province, in his support for the bill, reasoned out that it was in their province the independence movement started, when  Lapu-Lapu  fought  Ferdinand Magellan. [3] Outside the Senate, the Catholic schools threatened to close down if the bill was passed; Recto countered that if that happened, the schools would be nationalized.Recto did not believe the threat, stating that the schools were too profitable to be closed. [1]  The schools gave up the threat, but threatened to â€Å"punis h† legislators in favor of the law in future elections. A compromise was suggested, to use the expurgated version; Recto, who had supported the required reading of the unexpurgated version, declared: â€Å"The people who would eliminate the books of Rizal from the schools would blot out from our minds the memory of the national hero. This is not a fight against Recto but a fight against Rizal,† adding that since Rizal is dead, they are attempting to suppress his memory. 6] On May 12, 1956, a compromise inserted by Committee on Education chairman Laurel that accommodated the objections of the Catholic Church was approved unanimously. The bill specified that only college (university) students would have the option of reading unexpurgated versions of clerically-contested reading material, such as  Noli Me Tangere  and  El Filibusterismo. [1][3][6]  The bill was enacted on June 12, 1956,[3]  Flag Day. ——————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- [edit]Content | | | The  Noli  and  Fili  were required readings for college students. Section 1 mandated that the students were to read the novels as they were written in  Spanish, although a provision ordered that the Board of National Education create rules on how these should be applied. [5]  The last two sections were focused on making Rizal's works accessible to the general public: the second section mandated the schools to have â€Å"an adequate number† of copies in their libraries, while the third ordered the board to publish the works in major  Philippine languages. [5] ————————————————- edit]Aftermath After the bill was enacted into law, there were no recorded instances of students applying for exemption from reading the novels, and no known procedure for such exemptions. [6]à ‚  In 1994, President  Fidel V. Ramos  ordered the  Department of Education, Culture and Sports  to fully implement the law as there had been reports that it has still not been fully implemented. [7] The debate during the enactment of the Rizal Law has been compared to the  Reproductive Health bill  (RH bill) debate of 2011. 8]  Akbayan  representativeKaka Bag-ao, one of the proponents of the RH bill, said, quoting the Catholic hierarchy, that â€Å"More than 50 years ago, they said the Rizal Law violates the Catholic's right to conscience and religion, interestingly, the same line of reasoning they use to oppose the RH bill. â€Å"[9] ————————————————- [edit]References 1. ^  a  b  c  d  Abinales, Patricio N. ; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and society in the Philippines. Lanham, Maryland:  Rowman & Littlefield. p. 187. ISBN  978-0-742 5-1024-1. 2.   Cruz-Araneta, Gemma  (2010-12-29). â€Å"Legislating Rizal, 1†. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 3. ^  a  b  c  d  Cruz-Araneta, Gemma  (2010-12-29). â€Å"Legislating Rizal, 2†. Manila Bulletin. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 4. ^  Rodis, Rodel (2010-01-07). â€Å"Global Networking  : The Rizal bill†. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2011-06-12. 5. ^  a  b  c  Pangalangan, Raul (2010-12-31). â€Å"The intense debate on the Rizal Law†. Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 6. ^  a  b  c  Ocampo, Ambeth  (2007-05-04). â€Å"The fight over the Rizal Law†. Philippine Daily Inquirer.Retrieved 2011-05-24. 7. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Mr. Ramos leads Rizal Day rites†. Manila Standard. 1994-12-29. Retrieved 2011-06-19. 8. ^  Mendez, Christina (2011-05-23). â€Å"JPE, Joker confident of compromise on RH bill†. Philippine Star. Retrieved 2011-05-24. 9. ^  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Jose Rizal: new symbol of re productive health rights? â€Å". ABS-CBNnews. com. 2011-06-01. Retrieved 2011-06-01. Jose Rizal: A Biographical Sketch BY TEOFILO H. MONTEMAYOR| | JOSE RIZAL, the national hero of the Philippines and pride of the Malayan race, was born on June 19, 1861, in the town of Calamba, Laguna.He was the seventh child in a family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls). Both his parents were educated and belonged to distinguished families. His father, Francisco Mercado Rizal, an industrious farmer whom Rizal called â€Å"a model of fathers,† came from Binan, Laguna; while his mother, Teodora Alonzo y Quintos, a highly cultured and accomplished woman whom Rizal called â€Å"loving and prudent mother,† was born in Meisic, Sta. Cruz, Manila. At the age of 3, he learned the alphabet from his mother; at 5, while learning to read and write, he already showed inclinations to be an artist.He astounded his family and relatives by his pencil drawings and sketches and by his moldings of clay . At the age 8, he wrote a Tagalog poem, â€Å"Sa Aking Mga Kabata,† the theme of which revolves on the love of one’s language. In 1877, at the age of 16, he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree with an average of â€Å"excellent† from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he enrolled in Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas, while at the same time took courses leading to the degree of surveyor and expert assessor at the Ateneo.He finished the latter course on March 21, 1877 and passed the Surveyor’s examination on May 21, 1878; but because of his age, 17, he was not granted license to practice the profession until December 30, 1881. In 1878, he enrolled in medicine at the University of Santo Tomas but had to stop in his studies when he felt that the Filipino students were being discriminated upon by their Dominican tutors. On May 3, 1882, he sailed for Spain where he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid .On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine and on June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he finished his course in Philosophy and Letters with a grade of â€Å"excellent. †Ã‚  Having traveled extensively in Europe, America and Asia, he mastered 22 languages. These include Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, English, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Malayan, Portuguese, Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish, Tagalog, and other native dialects.A versatile genius, he was an architect, artists, businessman, cartoonist, educator, economist, ethnologist, scientific farmer, historian, inventor, journalist, linguist, musician, mythologist, nationalist, naturalist, novelist, opthalmic surgeon, poet, propagandist, psychologist, scientist, sculptor, sociologist, and theologian. He was an expert swordsman and a good shot. In the hope of securing political and social reforms for his country and at the same time educate his countrymen, Rizal, the greatest apostle of Filipino nationalism, published, while in Europe, several works with highly nationalistic and revolutionary tendencies.In March 1887, his daring book, NOLI ME TANGERE, a satirical novel exposing the arrogance and despotism of the Spanish clergy, was published in Berlin; in 1890 he reprinted in Paris, Morga’s SUCCESSOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS with his annotations to prove that the Filipinos had a civilization worthy to be proud of even long before the Spaniards set foot on Philippine soil; on September 18, 1891, EL FILIBUSTERISMO, his second novel and a sequel to the NOLI and more revolutionary and tragic than the latter, was printed in Ghent.Because of his fearless exposures of the injustices committed by the civil and clerical officials, Rizal provoked the animosity of those in power. This led himself, his relatives and countrymen into trouble with the Spanish officials of the country. As a consequence, he and those who had contacts with him, were shadowe d; the authorities were not only finding faults but even fabricating charges to pin him down. Thus, he was imprisoned in Fort Santiago from July 6, 1892 to July 15, 1892 on a charge that anti-friar pamphlets were found in the luggage of his sister Lucia who arrive with him from Hong Kong.While a political exile in Dapitan, he engaged in agriculture, fishing and business; he maintained and operated a hospital; he conducted classes- taught his pupils the English and Spanish languages, the arts. The sciences, vocational courses including agriculture, surveying, sculpturing, and painting, as well as the art of self defense; he did some researches and collected specimens; he entered into correspondence with renowned men of letters and sciences abroad; and with the help of his pupils, he constructed water dam and a relief map of Mindanao – both considered remarkable engineering feats.His sincerity and friendliness won for him the trust and confidence of even those assigned to guard him; his good manners and warm personality were found irresistible by women of all races with whom he had personal contacts; his intelligence and humility gained for him the respect and admiration of prominent men of other nations; while his undaunted courage and determination to uplift the welfare of his people were feared by his enemies.When the Philippine Revolution started on August 26, 1896, his enemies lost no time in pressing him down. They were able to enlist witnesses that linked him with the revolt and these were never allowed to be confronted by him. Thus, from November 3, 1986, to the date of his execution, he was again committed to Fort Santiago. In his prison cell, he wrote an untitled poem, now known as â€Å"Ultimo Adios† which is considered a masterpiece and a living document expressing not only the hero’s great love of country but also that of all Filipinos.After a mock trial, he was convicted of rebellion, sedition and of forming illegal association . In the cold morning of December 30, 1896, Rizal, a man whose 35 years of life had been packed with varied activities which proved that the Filipino has capacity to equal if not excel even those who treat him as a slave, was shot at Bagumbayan Field. |

Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action Essay

                  Affirmative action is a policy that is aimed at providing positive measures to remedy effects of past discrimination against members of certain groups (Clayton & Crosby 1992, p.2). One of the areas that suffer underrepresentation of the diverse, underrepresented individuals and minority group in colleges is the laws schools and subsequently in the legal profession. The questioned posed is â€Å"Is affirmative action the best solution to alleviating this crisis or is it the major cause together with other practices that have contributed to these underrepresentation?                  First of all is the admission procedure. Admission selection considers those with a bachelor’s degree for an accredited university or college. Few underrepresented minority students are able to attend college and obtain the relevant qualifications. Moreover, there are disparities in number of applicants and the number who get enrolled. For example in 2000, 74500 individuals submitted their application to ABA- approved school and an estimate of 67% of the total were admitted (ABA/ LSAC Pre-Conference Report, 2005, p, 4). This illustrates a flaw in the acceptance procedure that focus on higher merit in which its well document trend that underrepresented minorities score less on the Law Schools Admission Test (LSAT).                  Secondly the individual state bar exams are a severe impediment. â€Å"While the LSAT remains a reliable predictor of success in law school and the Law School Admission Council (makers of the LSAT), warn against over-reliance on numerical qualifiers alone† (ABA/ LSAC Pre-Conference Report, 2005, p, 5). Raised cut off points detriment the minorities who are disproportionately at the bottom in addition the bars are also misapplied. The percentage of residents in a state should have a proportionate percentage at the law school. The lack of a national bar does also contribute to this issue.                     The above two examples illustrate why affirmative action is needed in leveling admissions. Higher merit and higher cut off points are serving to lock out minority groups from accessing law education. In coming up with a criteria for selection, the selection board should put into consideration performance of minority groups which is at the lower end of the spectrum.                Terry Eastland suggests that affirmative action promotes discrimination. He argues that there is nothing like positive or negative discrimination. In Higher education for example, when the institution sets a lower grade for color students, the act in itself creates discrimination. These groups of students who will be enrolled under affirmative action are well aware that they are in that position due to their race. It is a negative experience that is not easy to erase. Sometimes attitudes from the majority students will affect the students from the minority. The majority students may not look at the minority as equals.                   Affirmative action leads to stigma. Eastland says that very few people are aware of the abilities and potential of the marginalized groups. In this case they are likely to be less respected and less valued. This can end up psychologically affecting these groups and it can be worsened if they fail to perform. Terry end believes that an environment should an equal working basis. If students have to be enrolled for higher education, it should be based on merit and not race. This will create an equal working environment of mutual relationship.                  Furthermore, Eastland equates ‘Affirmative action’ to ‘lower standards’. The rationale of having a policy that sets asides positions after a normal criterion creates a barrier between quality and less quality. By having this policy, institutions are accepting that results posted from minority groups are of lesser quality and lesser magnitude to that from the majority. Policy makers argue that the minority are affected by certain factors that make them not to equal results of the majority. It then beats logic that it would be easier resolving factors that make minority perform lesser than providing a criterion that guarantee certain results.                  Terry Eastland comments and views in regard to affirmative action tend to disapprove use of affirmative action against underrepresentation based on color. His views do not factor underrepresentation due to gender. However the logic behind his reasons and those of other scholars can equally be equated to affirmative action on gender and sex segregation                  Gender affirmative actions have shown to improve the status of women in the society. In fact advocates for gender affirmative actions have sprung from various women activists and organizations. Women have gained access to representations in legislative organs, various courses in colleges that stereotypically were set for men. However it is urged that continuous paying attention to a group of people will result in then differences becoming more salient than the commonalities among people (Clayton & Crosby 1992, p.11). This statement thus emphasizes Terry Eastland’s arguments against affirmative action.                To conclude, the benefits of affirmative action are actually visible. Moving forward however, the fundamental principles of affirmative action seem to have been overtaken with time. Putting into consideration Terry Eastland arguments in regard to affirmative action, the negatives of affirmative action outweigh the positives. Affirmative action has led to lower productivity, increased segregation and stigmatization. The call to end affirmative actions thus is justified. References Clayton, Susan D, and Faye J. Crosby. Justice, Gender, and Affirmative Action. Ann Arbor, Mich: Univ. of Michigan Press, 1992. Print. Law Schools Admission Council. Pre Conference Report (2005) Collaborating to Expand the Pipeline. Retrieved from http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/migrated/op/pipelineconf/PipelinePostReport.authcheckdam.pdf Source document

Analyse The Concept Of Opportunity Cost Economics Essay

Analyse The Concept Of Opportunity Cost Economics Essay Introduction The answers start with the basic theories of microeconomics and contact with an analysis of actual cases to solve the following four problems. It refers from the opportunity cost, scarcity of resources, cross-price elasticity, income effect, substitution effect, the producer surplus to long-run equilibrium for a perfectly competitive industry. 1. (a) The concept of opportunity cost is due to the scarcity of resource, the scarcity of resource determines that the resource can not be used for purpose B any longer if the resource has been used for purpose A. Therefore, opportunity cost means that if a resource can be not only used for one purpose but also used for another purpose (if it used for one purpose, it must give up other uses due to the scarcity of resources), then the opportunity cost indicates that the resource used for purpose A refers to the net incomes it should have got if it was used for a better purpose B. That is, if the resource has been used for a purpos e A, you will lose the possible incomes, so it is a loss of opportunity. This loss must be taken into account when the company choose the use of corporate resources in the selection, only the opportunity cost is the real cost to the economists. Opportunity cost is characterized by selective and hidden. The friend above says he has a free pass to go to the game of cricket between Australia and South Africa and it won’t cost me anything, according to the concept of opportunity cost above, he is wrong about the cost of going to watch the cricket match .The reasons are as follows. On the one hand, I will lose my time on watching the match; on the other hand, if I do not go with him, I can do my own business, such as study or something meaningful, so I would have lost the incomes I should have got. (b) Resources are scarce. Scarcity of resources has two meanings: One meaning is that we have to cost if we want to obtain any resources . The other one is that any resources are limite d relative to people’s needs and desires. Nowadays, universities are confronted with the problem of scarcity of resources with respect to the degree courses it provides. It is the higher quality teaching resources and the scarcity of supply of higher education demand for high quality teaching resources that restrict the improvement of the quality of higher education. There are both structural imbalances and the total lack of teaching resources problems. The main factors that affect our level of sharing of teaching resources and efficiency are resource development, resource sharing mechanism design and resource sharing of technical support. For example, Ideological and Political Theory Course teaching resource are scarcity, which can not meet the normal practice of teaching needs; the scattered, idle and waste related issues in the use of the Ideological and Political Theory Course teaching resource are also important factors that affect the supply and demand balance in additi on to its own supply shortage. In specifically speaking, there are two aspects. On the one hand is the disperse regions, which refers to the non-uniformity of time and space in the rule of teaching resources in the Ideological and political theory; on the other hand is the non-uniformity on time, which refers to the differences between the history resources and reality performance.

MGT 501 MoD 5 Cases Managing the Organization Essay

MGT 501 MoD 5 Cases Managing the Organization - Essay Example Highly skilled personnel are the most important valuable of a business enterprise. Qualified workers enable the tasks and the objectives of the company to be achieved appropriately thus putting the organization to a benchmark of great level of success. These goals are ultimately achieved through effective coordination as spelled out in an organization structure that the company might prefer (Buhler, 2008). The type of structure and design a company might opt for, have explicit and implicit effect on how each employee relate with one another in terms of communication. A well designed business structure has significant effects to its members. These effects are portrayed based on how members react to changes within their work environment and their ultimate output. Organizational structures which are well planned are easy get accustomed to and enhance collaboration between employees for the best interest of the company (Buhler, 2008). Effective Communication is a crucial tool within an o rganization which enables it to thrive. Authorities are distributed among different level of ranks. For example, a new employee who has just been hired will know where to report and where to seek for help when confronted with a hard situation. Most companies prefer addressing issues affecting the organization through departmental official who is in turn forward the complain or a request to the executives of the companies for subsequent analysis and coming up with solutions. An organizational structure enables the employees to communicate with the authorities following the right channels which have been put in place (Buhler, 2008). A well-built organization design boosts the morale and confidence of its members. Respect is an important value which motivates workers at their work place. Employees need to feel valued by their employers in terms of their contribution in achieving the organizational main objectives. Giving Incentives to the members is an important motivational factor, wh enever they are faced with challenges in the course of their practice. Incentives help them see more opportunities which might enable them to advance in their carrier. Conversely, organization structure might also have a negative impact on the employee spirit and morale (Walker, 2002). For instance, raising salaries for the heads of projects and giving them incentives e.g. bonus while delaying payments of team member salaries, can demoralize the minor employees involved in those projects. How a business is structured to operate plays a crucial role in relation to the level of motivation an individual might have (Klewes & Langen, 2008). Decision making is an important aspect of an organization structure. How fast or how slow an organization makes decisions depend on the efficiency of a company’s executive coordination. For a simple structure composed of the manager who is answerable to the director, the decision making process is faster hence the quick growth. Big companies ha ve a stratum of management. Responsibilities are more elaborate thus it is important to identify the individuals that are the overseers of certain functions and practices of within the company (Puffers, 2004). Productivity of each employee is best evaluated and determined by a well organized organization structure. Supervisors are able to gauge the efforts that are put in by their subordinates according to the work assigned to them. Supervisors are

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Prenancy woman with sickle cell disease - Essay Example The impact of this scheme will assist the next generations in designing the best responses to mothers who are victims of sickle-cell anemia (Glassberg, 2011). The Nursing-family partnership provides local communities with the best home-based approaches specially developed to help a mother from low-income families. The program will be implemented through a comprehensive research initiative to identify mothers with this problem. Medical personnel and Nurses will be deployed in the localities. Each county will have an office where registration will be done. This will be done through professional ethics that require non-disclosure. Visitations will commence after victims have been identified. The program will provide core services such the Nurse-family partnership will provide several services to victim mothers at the local level. Furthermore, the program offers assistance on family planning so that mothers have few chances of sickle cell babies. In addition to this, the program will give consultancy services where mothers will be expected to seek professional counseling and guidance. Providing free and subsidized drugs to mothers to avoid extreme effects to unborn babies The Initiative has been conducted in different states over the past four decades. It was fast conducted in California for pregnant mothers with sickle cell anemia. The outcome was successful because the number of sickle cell cases in California reduced by half in a span of three years after the inception of the partnership. There are consistent program effects of the plans, which include improved prenatal health because drugs were overly effective, fewer infant infections arising from mother-child transmissions, Increased intervals between births due to effective family planning techniques imparted t low-income mothers and improved maternal health due to reduced sickle cell count after further tests were administered. Furthermore, the program offers school readiness for

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The Burgelman Case Study - Essay Example Surveys and exploratory studies are examples of descriptive research designs, which are more quantitative than qualitative and have more aspects of this type of theory. Quantitative studies tend to rely on hard data and statistics that can provide generalizable results about a population, whereas qualitative studies could be more of a case example or subjective viewpoint. Bergemann's case study states having a qualitative method in place: â€Å"A qualitative method was chosen as the best way to arrive at an encompassing view of ICV project development has a ten- to twelve-yeartime horizon (Biggadike, 1979), and a truly longitudinal study was thus beyond the available resources† (Burgelmann, 2009). In terms of statistics, the single case study is not very representative. Another disadvantage in reference to flexible designs could be their lack of scientific credibility when compared to fixed designs using inferential statistics, which Burgelmann addresses explicitly as a possib le drawback. Of course, it is fitting at this level of research for authors to be forward with possible limitations of the study; however, this admission does not make the study more statistically or empirically viable, just because of this admission.   #2 Since this is a qualitative study, it tends to focus more on theory forming, rather than theory testing.

Topic proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Topic proposal - Essay Example Implicit learning is unintentional, unreflective and subconscious exposure to English grammar thus makes it difficult for the learner to deduce the English grammar rules (AlconSoler, 2005, p 418). Implicit language instruction refers to the acquisition of knowledge in a complex stimulus environment without conscious operations while explicit language instruction involves conscious operation whereby the individual tests hypothesis in search for structure (Curran, 2007, p 33). According to Batstone& Ellis (2009), explicit learning focuses directly on the information while implicit learning uses English language for communicative purposes (p 200). In explicit English grammar, the learner will notice new vocabulary through word building games and vocabulary lists while implicit English grammar learning enables the learner to acquire unconsciously acquire words due to repeated exposure to the words (Blaauw-Hara, 2006, p 170). In explicit English language learning, the learner has to make concerted and conscious efforts to learn new words thus there is a tendency to concentrate on individual words thus learners may not undertake attempts to decode the meaning of the words (Williams, 2005, p 300). Explicit learning leads to excessive use of dictionary thus affecting reading. On the other hand, implicit English language learning entails inferring meaning from context just like Native speakers and thus depends mainly on the learning capabilities of an individual (Morgan-Short, Steinhauer, Sanz & Ullman, 2012, p 938). The learner may fail to infer correct meaning and some learners may lack the vocabulary knowledge to decipher some words (Hulstijn, 2005, p 135). Learners who begin learning English grammar as child are more likely to display implicit language as opposed to learners who begin at adult stage who are more likely to display high levels of explicit instructions (Ellis, 2005, p 162). Andrews, K. (2007). â€Å"The

Accounting Study Essay Example for Free

Accounting Study Essay CA1-18 a) The ethical issue is the corporate reporting department is not recording the late entries and reporting incorrect numbers on purpose. b) Troy Normand is acting immorally because as a manager he is not making sure that the numbers are being recorded correctly. c) I would have done what a manager supposed to do and make sure the numbers and late entries are being recorded correctly. d) The major stakeholders are the employees. C-A2-4 A 1) Relevance- accounting information must be capable of making a difference in a decision. Predictive value, confirmatory value, and materiality help make up relevance. 2) Faithful representation- that the numbers and descriptions match what really existed or already happened. Completeness, neutrality, free from error help make up faithful representation. 3) Understandability- decision makers vary widely in the types of decisions they make, how they make decisions, the information they already possess or can obtain from other sources, and their ability to process the information. The quality of information that lets reasonably informed users see its significance. 4) Comparability- Information that is measured and reported in a similar manner for different companies is considered comparable. Enables users to identify the real similarities and differences in economic events between companies. 5) Consistency- is presented when a company applies the same accounting treatment to similar events, from period to period. Through such application, the company shows consistent use o f accounting standards. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay B 1) If I want to buy shares in Pepsi Co I will sacrifice faithful representation for a gain from relevance. I can check the predictive value,  confirmatory value, and materiality of the company for the future value. 2) If I am choosing between two companies General Motors and Toyota I sacrifice relevance and chose consistency to see which company shows consistent use of accounting standards from period to period, to help me make my decision. 3) I am looking to invest in either Toyota or General Motors I sacrifice consistency and gain from using comparability. I can see the differences in the similar companies in a similar manner. 4) If I own shares in General Electric and I see that General Electric issues a three month report that shows interim earnings have declined significantly. I will sacrifice relevance and gain from understandability because of the information and sell my shares. C c) The Decision Usefulness criterion should be used to evaluate trade-offs between information characteristics. CA2-5 a) Realized or realizable, earned. A company realizes revenue when it exchanges products, merchandise, or other assets for cash or claims to cash. Revenue is realizable when the assets received or held are readily convertible into cash or claims to cash. A company delays recognition of revenues until earned. Revenues are considered earned when the company substantially accomplishes what it must do to entitle to the benefits represented by the revenues. B 1) Revenue is realized because it exchanges products for a claim to cash. 2) Revenue is realizable because of the claims to cash and the publication of the magazine every month. 3) Revenue is earned because the company accomplished what it must do to be entitled to the benefits.

Phenomenological and positivist approaches Essay Example for Free

Phenomenological and positivist approaches Essay The research seeks to study in-depth the Kuwaiti family by determining the impact of working parents on the socialization of their children based on the perceptions of the parents. In doing so, the research seeks to identify and describe the contemporary defining features of the Kuwaiti family, as contribution to the wider research on the family, being made in different countries. The study also looks into the child rearing practices of Kuwaiti families with both parents working and with one parent assuming the role of a full-time carer. The research draws the perceptions of parents on the socialization process of their children in the context of the family structure, with both parents working or with one parent serving as full-time carer, as well as on the effect of hiring foreign nannies on the socialization of their children. To achieve the purpose of the study, the research process utilizes approaches and methods selected to support the collection and analysis of appropriate sufficient and accurate data. Research Design The study uses the phenomenological approach, which applies to investigative attempts to understand the perspectives or views of selected participants regarding social realities (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe Lowe 1991; Morris 2006). Understanding the phenomenological approach better requires a comparison with the positivist approach, which lies at the other end of the spectrum opposite of the phenomenological approach. The comparison is not intended to undermine one approach over the other but to explaining the phenomenological approach and justifying the appropriateness of employing this approach to the present study. The table below summarizes the distinctions between the phenomenological and positivist approaches. Source: (Easterby-Smith, Thorpe Lowe 1991; Morris 2006) The distinctions show that the phenomenological approach is applies to investigations that consider human or social interest in providing in-depth explanation and deriving meaning of phenomenon as distinguished from the positivist approach of focusing on facts, theories or principles, and hypothesis testing. Phenomenology is the appropriate approach of the present study because the purpose of the investigation is to draw in-depth understanding of the contemporary Kuwaiti family in terms of the relationship between the working status of both parents and the socialization of their children. The study is subjective because it is interested in the perceptions of parents over their working status and the effects on the socialization of their children. The research process is grounded on social interest and subjectivity. The present study employs qualitative research, which involves the derivation of accounts or descriptions from the participants or respondents to provide an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon subject of the study (Creswell 2003). Again, to understand qualitative research and to justify its appropriate application to the present study, the table below summarizes the distinctions between qualitative and quantitative research.

Quality and Performance Management of MS

Quality and Performance Management of MS Quality is the second of three value components (Finch,Byron J., 2008).The commitment to producing quality in services and products changes process from just producing to producing things customers want. The development of the methods and techniques to manage quality and a culture of employees who want to produce quality is at the heart of any successful business. INTRODUCTION This Chapter contains an insight into what quality and performance management, meeting customers expectations at Marks and Spencer. I will touch on its history and the effect of quality management at the company will be examined. The basis of choosing M S is due to the fact that it is a well established company. More like an institution. Also I work for the company. About MS For 125 years MS has been trusted by customers to offer high quality products at great value. It has grown from a Penny Bazaar stall to become the UKs leading retailer of quality clothing, food and home products. With more than 21 million UK customers, the company is an expanding international force, now in 40 territories. A team of 78,000 people and over 2,000 suppliers form the bedrock of its business, ensuring their brand will continue to offer Quality, Value, Service, Innovation and Trust. These core values are as important today as they ever have been. They are all about doing the right thing which is, quite simply, how they do business (MS, 2009). Michael Mark started the business in 1884 selling items at no more than a penny. The business was subsequently joined by Tom Spencer when the partnership started. The business grew gradually and by 1926 there were about 125 stores. Marks Spencer has been built on the following values: offering customers a selective range of high quality merchandise; encouraging suppliers to maintain high quality standards in production and working environment; store expansion planned for the convenience of customers, with a greater width of product choice; simplified operating procedures; supporting British industry and buying abroad only when new ideas, technology, quality and value are not available in the UK; fostering good human relations with customers, staff, suppliers and the community. (Whitehead, 1994). An insight into quality management Quality is conformance to requirements (Crosby, 1979), with emphasis on zero defects. (Swanson, 1995) however, implied quality management to be the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to satisfy given needs. Implicit in this assumption is a customer with needs and expectations to be satisfied. Quality is a measurable result; quality management improvement is more about the journey than the result. What we do and how we do it determines quality and the actionable elements of quality involve the process rather than the outcome. Good quality reduces the cost of rework, waste, complaints and returns and most importantly, generates satisfied customers (Slack, 2007). Marks and Spencer has what is called a golden rule to always take ownership of helping their customers and also getting feedback about their services. Staffs at Marks and Spencer are expected to adhere to the following three principles when serving customers: acknowledge every customer with a hello or a smile build a relationship by talking and interacting with the customer saying good bye and have good day to customers. Some feedback is done through online surveys and some directly with their customers using survey forms. The result from the survey enables MS to review areas of improvement. I strongly believe that quality of services is MSs competitive edge. The golden rules means treating the customers with courtesy, interacting and engaging with the customers doing the sales with a smile, always helping to pack on the till, asking customers if there is still anything else we can do for them. All these are attributes of good customer services. Good customer service provides the likelihood that the customers would still want to come back. Mr David Williams, an MS customer recently stated It makes a pleasant day for me when a staff of Marks and Spencer says thank you for waiting, attending to their customers when there was a long queue. Consistency with these values make the customers always want to come back which goes a long way in a business. Furthermore, from the companys perspective it also means treating their employees with humanely, with dignity and respect. These in turn encourage the employees to be equally sensitive to the needs and expectations of the customers. If staff feels that their efforts are being rewarded and that future effort will also be rewarded, their quality of work is likely to improve. In this way, total quality can be improved. Moreover, where incremental strategic change is dependent on individual members of staff, acting upon, opportunities and threats, the reward system must be appropriate and motivating (Thompson Martin, 2010). From my experience, I have observed that when staff is not happy, they will not be able to deliver a good service to the customers, which may then affect the business. As an employee of Marks and Spencer, I can objectively say we are highly treated well. Staffs are rewarded in so many ways. Some of the incentives are 20% off any items in the store, promotion opportunities, recognition within the organization and pension scheme. Also the company provide bonuses, flexible working arrangement for all mothers and graduate scheme for new graduates. All these rewards and incentives are motivating factors that enable staff to perform to their utmost level in serving customers in a satisfactory way. Rewards depend upon the success of the Organization as a whole as well as individual, contribution to the success (Thompson Martin, 2010). As an employee of Marks and Spencer, one thing that I have noticed was that when customers visits the store, they have the assurance that they are going to get exceptional services. Marks and Spencer are not trading in service quality gimmicks but also focus on giving what we call exceptional basics i.e. listening very carefully to their customers and giving thoughts to their needs and providing what they really need. For example they offer: three items for the price of two collect by cab for customers if the customer require a cab after shopping sending customers special order to them within three working days v effective and efficient refund policy. Marks and Spencer offers full refund to their customers with their receipt or if has been lost, a credit voucher is issued Marks and Spencer credit card points and vouchers are given to all the card holders on a regular basis which I believe would encourage customers to use their Marks and Spencer credit card to pay at the till Marks and Spencer train their staff to take ownership in everything they do. (Thompson Martin, 2010) emphasised on commitment to customers services, quality and continuous Improvement. Its this attention to detail that counts in providing good customer service to the customers. There is nothing more Important to Marks Spencer than their customers and achieving a high quality of service. The company encourages three things i.e., creativity, initiative and attitude. Attitude is one of the key attributes that management at Marks and Spencer imbues on their employees despite the training and skills developed. It is the quality reflection that sets us apart from the competition. Marks and Spencer have improved in their product offerings and looks like they hire people with positive attitude that takes great pride in delivering exceptional service. commented by one of the customers. It is this type of attitude displayed by their employees that leads to innovation and creativity. For example, there was a time a deaf man came into the store for shopping, he wrote all he needed in a sheet of paper. Marks and Spencer already have some employees that help the blind and the deaf for their shopping. After helping him, he was so delighted that he now believes that everybody is treated in the same way without discriminating. Also if a customer likes a particular product which was recommended and is not in store and in order to satisfy the customer, they take total ownership to make sure they make arrangement for more stock to be available for the next visit of the customer in store. Marks and Spencer also track their product through surveys to know how well a particular product is performing. As explained by (Kanji,Gopal K: Asher,Mike, 1996) To understand the process of total quality management (TQM),where all work is seen as process and total quality management is a continuous process of improvement for individuals, groups of people and whole organizations. What makes total quality management different from other management processes is the concentrated focus on continuous improvement. Most of Marks and Spencer customers knows about their quality and are ready to pay more for the value. MS offers all most ever week, just to motivate customers to buy at the stated price of other competitors products like Tesco and Sainsbury just to let customers knows that there price is still the same as others but the quality is different. Marks and Spencer makes these offers to draw customers attention. They have succeeded as shown my consistently increasing their market share. Also there objectives is to exceed their expectation to deliver good quality to their customers and to achieve zero defects. They design their product to try to prevent errors occurring. Though, it is always impossible to prevent mistakes. Knowing the current quality standards of the product or service in your customers hands is the first stage of being able to improve. You can make mistake and you can measure your improvement if you know the base you are starting from. Having the facts necessary to manage the business at all levels and giving that information to everyone so that decisions are based upon fact are the essential aspect of Quality Management (Kanji,Gopal K: Asher,Mike, 1996) Marks and Spencer rarely get formal complaints but when there is any they resolve it with the customer and they always listen to customers complain which at the end customers feels delighted and satisfy. (Kanji,Gopal K: Asher,Mike, 1996) Satisfying agreed customers requirements- relates to internal customers as well external ones it is necessary to achieve successful internal working relations in order to satisfy the needs of the external customers. The key is service recovery; this is why empowerment is so important. (Slack, 2007) Marks and Spencer train their to turn around any negative experiences they may have into positive ones before the customers leaves the store and not to allow the customer to go home not satisfied. Its really worth the effort. Giving exceptional service has always been the motto of Marks and Spencer for years up till now. It is well known to everybody about their good customer services. They also get tremendous feedback from their customers and that is the more reason that most customers always want to come back despite the prices of their products. Older people are also helped with their shopping list by assigning a member of staff to the customer to do the shopping. It gives the customer confidence to know that their shopping is done to their satisfaction. One of MSs customers, Mrs Johnson commented that price is not the determinant factor for shopping at M&S; it is the good customer services and the way staffs attends to me considering I have been shopping here for over 25 years. They are all well mannered, always with a smile on their face, they take ownership and always wanting to help to pack our shopping One of the key tasks of operation management is to ensure that quality goods and services are pr ovided to both internal and external customers (Finch,Byron J., 2008). Marks and Spencer value their customers; queues are monitored and customers are often thanked for waiting and are given the offer to pack their shopping for them. It is more than compensation to acknowledge someone and as a member of staff, I often hear from customers that how grateful and delighted they for the attention that is given to them. The professionalism shown by the MS employees emanated from the training provided and also interacting with customers makes our job more interesting. (Finch,Byron J., 2008) Contends that The best answer to a customers questions can often come only from the employee directly responsible for a good customers services to the customers MS gives customer choice. They have different range for customers, for the older women it is called classic range. This range was developed as result of the survey that was carried out. One of the survey participants, a customer known as Ms. Williams in the survey wrote It fits perfectly ok without any adjustment or complain, I just cannot go anywhere else to buy my clothes than Marks. Another range for the middle age is called Peruna, they are long lasting but very costly. Customers are happy to pay for what they get because of the quality of the finished products and is visible to see said one of their customers. A quality is the degree of fit between customers expectations and customer perception of the product or service. (Slack, 2007) Marks and Spencer respond quickly to customer demand. One key element of quality management is the dependence on empowered teams to document and then streamline processes based on team knowledge and understanding of customer needs and expectation. States customer requirements often fall short of defining customer needs and expectations (Swanson, 1995) If a product was not in store. Marks and Spencer take responsibility to make sure they find an alternative way to get the product and send it to the customer address just for meeting the customers expectation and to make sure they satisfy customer demand. Dimensions of Quality (Finch,Byron J., 2008) identified eight product quality dimensions and five service quality dimensions which consist of the followings: Performance relates to the perceived characteristics of the product. Features the additional or secondary capabilities of a product or service. Reliability ÂÂ ­- measures the dependency and how consistently it achieves the promises given about the product/service. Durability deals how long the product/service last for. Serviceability usually deals with after sales in terms of repairs guarantees and complaints resolution. Aesthetics deals with the appearance and style of the product/service. Response the relationship between the product/service provider and the customer. Reputation deals with the perception of customers on the company. In addition to the above (Finch,Byron J., 2008)also identified five dimensions of service quality which includes: Reliability in terms of the company keeping to its promises. Responsiveness deals with how promptly the company responds to their customer needs. Assurance dealing with trust and confidence between the customers and employees. Empathy deals with how employees are sensitive to the needs of the customers. Tangibles showing care and attentions with respect to the physical facilities and written materials available at the company. Marks and Spencer provides both products and service to their customers and fully conforms to all the service/product quality dimensions mentioned above. This I believe has led to the consistent domination of market share in the retail industry by MS. Cost of Quality Cost of quality relates to the cost associated with assuring quality of the product/services in addition to costs incurred in correcting defective items. (Finch,Byron J., 2008) explained cost of quality as the cost associated with maintaining and sustaining goods/services which can be categorised into primarily internal and external failure costs, prevention cost and appraisal costs. All of these costs are identifiable with MS. An example of external failure i.e. cost incurred after transfer of ownership to customers at MS are the returns made by customers when something goes wrong with the items purchased at the store when replacement would need to be made in additional to employee time involved in dealing with the defective product. Internal failure cost i.e. costs that may arise due to inadequacy of quality before transfer of ownership to customers occurs at MS when inspection staff have noticed a defection in a product line and had to be withdrawn before reaching the floor level. All the costs associated with this defective product including production and distribution costs aggregates to the internal failure costs. The appraisal costs are those cost associated with meeting quality specification which may include inspection, testing and sampling. At MS this category of quality cost are incurred before the products are distributed to various stores. Usually the quality audits are carried taking samples from millions of product items to ensure they meet quality specification. (Finch,Byron J., 2008) stated that a frequent cause of poor quality is the failure of system that are intended to maintain quality. Hence organisations need to ensure their quality system is audited to ensure that they meet their quality requirements and thereby reduce their appraisal cost. The cost associated to reducing appraisal costs can be categorised as prevention costs. Some these costs includes cost of training, improving the process, quality planning activities. Where more effor ts are put in prevention, it should have an impact in reducing the other category of quality costs. However, as can be seen from figure1 below, quality cost increases as quality problems gets to customers. Figure 1 (Finch,Byron J., 2008) Cost of quality Prevention Internal failure External failure Cost of quality from Prevention to external failure Total Quality Management As defined by (Chartered Institute of Management Accountant, 2002), TQM is a programme that ensures that goods or services supplied are of the highest quality. However, (Feigenbaum, 1986) defined TQM as an effective system for integrating the quality development, quality maintenance and quality improvement efforts of the various groups in an organisation so as to enable production and service at the most economical levels which allows a full customer satisfaction. TQM as a process must encompass everyone in the organisation and with full commitment of senior management. (Finch,Byron J., 2008) put forward that TQM is based on three principles: customer focus continuous process improvement and total involvement. With customer focus, the customer defines what quality is. A distinction is required between what is known as internal customers that are employees within the organisation and external customers who buys the products or services. Each employee in the organisation should have a well defined customer so that there is what is known as supplier-customer relationship extending from the internal customers to the final consumer who consumes the product. For instance in MS an output from a staff (internal supplier) then becomes and input for another staff (internal customer). This chain feeds itself into the final consumer. If the process is broken i.e. the supplier-customer relationship and the quality needs of the internal customer is not met, it is bound to affect the ultimate consumer. Continuous process improvement is about reducing or eliminating variability from quality processes. Outcomes from processes should be predictable and when this is not the case it may become difficult to consistently meet customer expectations. Continuous process improvement at MS has a very low variability if all any. Continuous process improvement is part of MS Plan A which is quality management plan that contains a comprehensive set of objectives that governs how MS does business. The plan came into existence in January 2007 and commits to changing one hundred things over five years. Plan A is makes a real change to the environment, customers, employees and people working in the MSs supply chains. Through Plan A, MS have introduced products and services to help customers live in a sustainably way, continued contribution to local communities and with additional profit generated ploughed back into the business. MS engages every one of its 21 million customers by building Plan A quali ties into all of its products and helping customers to develop their own Plan A eco-plans. MS has integrated its Plan A from being a Plan to How We Do Business by integrating it into processes and giving its workforce the skills, tools and motivation required to make a difference. (MS, 2009) I believe that it is the commitment from management and the active involvement of employees in developing and implementing their quality objectives Plan A that have contributed to the success of the company. To continue to sustain the level of confidence of quality assurance, managers need to ensure that everyone consistently adhere to their standards and ensured it is continuously measured and monitored. Where necessary corrective action should be taken as advocated by (Deming, 1982) to use of the Shewharts PDCA cycle (Plan-Do-Check-Act), as an approach to process analysis. This cycle inevitably leads to redesign and improvement in quality. Tools for solving quality problems There are several processes available for quality improvement including DMAIC(Design, Measure, Analyse, Improve and Control) and DMADV (Define, Measure, Analyse, Design and Verify) of Six Sigma improvement projects. DMAIC is used for existing processes where performance is below what is expected while DMADV is for developing new products/service in order to meet the desired quality level. Also there is the PDCA cycle as illustrated by (Finch,Byron J., 2008) where he identified seven steps to quality improvement summarised as follows: Figure 2 PDCA Quality Improvement tool (Finch,Byron J., 2008) Most organisations including MS can improve their quality by implementing any of the available quality improvement processes. Any process used need to be supported by applying appropriate tools for each step. There are various tools and techniques that can be applied as illustrated in figure 3 below Analytical tools Mostly used Frequently used Idea Generation Tools Consensus tools Process Definition Data Collection Analysing Cause effect Analysing displaying data Planning tools Meeting management tools Benchmarking Questionnaires PLAN Problem identification Analysis of current situation Analysis root causes CHECK Selection planning of solution Check result ACT Standardise Conclusion / next cycle Figure 3 Quality Improvement Tools Technique Matrix (Swanson, 1995) In using the above tools and techniques, analysts should list activities to be carried out and the expected output/results of each step. Though not prescriptive in nature employees or analysts can be flexible with the tools they apply depending on the situation theyre faced. The quality improvement models identified above provides an iterative steps but do not provide how the steps are to be prosecuted but there are tools that will aid the accomplishments of the steps identified within the quality improvement model. These tools as identified by (Swanson, 1995) are not exhaustive but majority of them have been converted into a matrix as illustrated in figure 4 below. Idea Generation Tools Consensus tools Process Definition Data Collection Analysing Cause effect Analysing displaying data Planning tools Meeting management tools Benchmarking Questionnaires Figure 4 Tools and techniques matrix Quality Awards and Quality Standards Many customers are quality assured knowing a business has quality award accreditation. It provides the customer with the confidence that they are buying quality product or quality service. In many cases businesses use quality award as marketing tool which are visible in their marketing and promotion. In some cases some businesses can afford to charge at a premium as a result of quality accreditation. A quality award enables a business or organisation to conform to certain specified standard. A standard that must be consistently adhered to and where a business conducts its business internationally, it may well be a requirement to have and internationally recognised quality standard accreditation. Two internationally recognised standards are the Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award and the International Standards Organisation. The ISO is one of the most world-acclaimed quality standard award/accreditation is the ISO quality standards amongst others. According to (International Stand ards Organisation Discover ISO, 2010) the objectives of the standards where implemented, are to enable products/services to be more efficient, safer and cleaner; trade facilitation; assist governments with technical foundation for legislation in health safety; sharing of good management practice; safeguarding of consumers and making life simpler. With the insistence of having ISO quality standard in place, it ensures that certified company have the capacity, capability and infrastructure available to produce quality products/services. (Finch,Byron J., 2008). There are various other specific awards depending on the industry. Marks and Spencer especially in the last couple of years have had several awards in recognition of its performance when compared to its competitors in the industry. Some of these awards include are listed below. Awards Position Environmental Investigation Agencys Supermarket refrigeration table Winner Cosmopolitan Magazine Awards Winner of Most Ethical retailer Carbon Trust standard Certification Pesticide Action Network UK supermarket pesticide league table Winner Ethisphere Worlds Most Ethical Companies Top 100 Consumer Focus Green to the Core supermarket league table Joint Winner Greener Package Awards Retail Leadership Award RSPCA Good Business Awards Fashion Commitment Award Letsrecycle.com Awards High Street Recycling Champion 2009 International Wine Challenge Awards Environmental Initiative of the year Forest Footprint Disclosure Project Best General Retail Sector Performer Business in the Community 2009 Corporate Responsibility Index Platinum performer The Independent Green Awards 2010 Best Supermarket ENDS Carbon 2009 Brand Emissions Leader Figure 5 MS Awards (Marks and Spencer, 2010) Conclusion Most organisations including MS strive to continue to satisfy or meet their customer requirements. MS over years have consistently developed and sell quality products to their consumers. This is reflected as they continue to dominate their industry and the fact that consumers believes that whatever they purchase from MS, it is essentially a quality item. Total Quality Management is a continuous process and must have the contribution of everyone in the organisation from the corporate leadership right down to the shop floor staff in order for the organisation to continue to meet their responsibility in delivering quality. Organisations with quality standards and awards must continually review their processes and find a way to continue to improve in order to maintain their market share and most importantly their profitability and competitiveness.

Chaucers The Franklins Tale from the Canterbury Tales Essay -- Chauc

Chaucer's The Franklin's Tale from the Canterbury Tales The Franklin’s Tale, one of the many stories comprising the Canterbury Tales, is one of Chaucer’s most celebrated and most contradictory works. This tale set in medieval Brittany narrates the uncanny marriage of the knight Arveragus and his lady Dorigen. This unlikely union was based on mutual trust, love and truthfulness and knew neither the rule of the lady that was typical of courtly love, nor the domination by the husband that was expected of a traditional marriage. In the controversial scene that will be discussed here, Arveragus orders Dorigen to give herself to a man to whom she had made the reckless promise of giving her love if he could accomplish an impossible deed. Critics have argued back and forth for centuries on the topic of knowing whether this scene (and the tale’s outcome) showed the validity of the marriage agreement or, on the contrary, its total utopia. Indeed, how should Arveragus’ reaction be interpreted? Does he stay true to his mar riage vow by sending his wife to a forced adultery? And what does it say about the couples’ values and the validity of their engagement? In my opinion, Arveragus violated the marriage agreement because he valued trouthe to others and knightly honor before trouthe to his wife and to his own promise. His actions were motivated not by the mutual promise the loving couple had made to each other but by the desire to save the couple’s honor in the face of society and to abide by the principle of trouthe, not truthfulness. In order to answer the question of whether Arveragus violates his marriage vows by ordering his wife to Aurelius, one must first carefully analyze said vows and determine exactly what kind of marr... ...2. Chaucer, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Franklin’s Tale†. The Canterbury Tales. Pages 337-358. Flake, Timothy H. â€Å"Love, Trouthe, and the Happy Ending of the Franklin’s Tale†. English Studies. 1996, 3. Pages 209-226. Kaske R.E. â€Å"Chaucer’s Marriage Group†. Chaucer the Love Poet. Edited by Jerome Mitchell and William Provost. University of Georgia Press, 1973. Lawler, Traugott. â€Å"Delicacy vs. Truth†. New Readings of Chaucer’s Poetry. Edited by Robert G. Benson and Susan J. Ridyard. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2003. Schwartz, Debora B. â€Å"Backgrounds to Romance: Courtly Love†. Medieval Literature class. California Polytechnic State University, March 2001. http://cla.calpoly.edu/~dschwart/engl513/courtly/courtly.htm Severs, J. Burke. â€Å"The Tales of Romance†. Companion to Chaucer Studies. Edited by Beryl Rowland. Toronto: New York University Press, 1968. Pages 229-246.

To Kill A Mockingbird - Knowledge and Courage :: Free Essay Writer

To Kill A Mockingbird - Knowledge and Courage To Kill a Mockingbird is not a story about birds, or animal abuse. This novel is a book of knowledge and courage which both teaches and fixes people's view of life. Even though the title is "To Kill a Mockingbird," it is suitable to entitle it as to kill our stubborn misconceptions. This novel is full of courage shown by Harper Lee. During her lifetime, there was a huge concept of racism going on in America. However, Harper Lee wrote To Kill a Mockingbird, which is about racism in the society, to go against racism that is overwhelmingly real. To present her message her through her book to the society was a very dangerous action. However, this book touched people's deepest heart, and people's conscience and awakened them to the painful reality. Therefore, this novel is one of the finest classic American novels and is universally acclaimed, because of three reasons. To Kill a Mockingbird educates the whole world about racism around the world, and the themes that teach knowl edge about life. Harper Lee expresses the merciless global racism through her book. Not only are the colored people criticized from the whites but also the Radleys are part of the white society that was discriminated. The Radleys lived differently from the rest of the Maycomb people. However, just by living in a different style, the people believed that they were different human beings. Even Jeremy described Boo Radley as "[he] [is] about six-and-a- half feet tall, judging form his tracks; he dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch, that is why his hands were bloodstained."(P13) This is rather a description suitable for monsters than a human being. Just by a different life style, people create weird concepts about Radley. Also, racism in Maycomb is very serious, they have different churches and different picnic areas. They consider "nigger-lover" as one of the abusive language, however, "nigger-lover" is used by "ignorant, trashy people"(p108) when they believe somebody's favor ing Negroes over and above themselves."(P108) People who are jealous of people who love black people more than white people use this "ugly term to label somebody."(P108) Racism comes from different lifestyle, or different appearance.

The Negative Impact of High Stakes Standardized Testing Essay -- Stand

Standardized testing is not a new concept; it has been in use since the mid to late 1990’s. However the â€Å"high stakes† focus on standardized testing is. The practices that accompany standardized testing have long been in debate. Those in favor of standardized testing will argue that the testing creates a system that increases grades and accountability among teachers, students and school districts across the country. On the other hand those that oppose standardized testing will argue the ill effects that standardized testing can have on students, teachers, and schools. There are numerous ways in which standardized testing has gravely impacted education, some of which are high stress levels of students and teachers, the hindrance on educational instruction, high monetary costs of testing as well as inadvertent discrimination and bias. Senator Paul Wellstone of Minnesota stated â€Å"Far from improving education, high-stakes testing marks a major retreat from fairness , from accuracy, from quality and from equity.† High-stakes standardized testing greatly impacts the environment in which students learn. When such a huge emphasis is placed on these tests and scoring well on them, it often creates, in excess, unnecessary anxiety and stress. In Florida alone the number of different standardized tests given to students spanned across kindergarten through 12th grade has increased to over sixteen. Often students are faced with the harsh realization that not scoring well can mean the difference from a pass and fail grade. That kind of pressure can lead to a complete shutdown of their learning. Although students are heavily impacted by the pressure and anxiety that accompanies standardized testing, they are not the only ones. Teachers not unli... ...Child Left Behind has laudable goals, but it's too narrowly focused on just test scores, To just constantly boil everything down to standardized test scores doesn't tell the whole story.† - Catherine Sullivan Works Cited Kohn, Alfie. "Standardized Testing and Its Victims." Education Week. N.p., 27 Sept. 2000. Web. 15 Jan. 2015. Moon, Tonya R., Catherine M. Brighton, Jane M. Jarvis, and Catherine J. Hall. "State Standardized Testing Programs: Their Effects on Teachers and Students." The National Research Center on the Gifted and Talented. University of Connecticut, 2007. Web. 05 Feb. 2015. Steinberg, Jacques. "NATION'S SCHOOLS STRUGGLING TO FIND ENOUGH PRINCIPALS." New York Times 03 Sept. 2000: n. pag. Web. 08 Feb. 2015. Strauss, Valerie. "How Standardized Tests Are Affecting Public Schools." Washington Post 18 May 2012: n. pag. Print.

Managerial Accounting Essay

Reflect and describe which key concepts and topics in this course have made you a stronger candidate to enter the business world. When I first began this course, I didn’t really understand what Managerial accounting for Business Professionals were. I was very confused and also a bit intimidated with what is expected and how is the professor going to be. In my previous classes I have had some professors who seem to not care about us students. I have felt often that since it’s an online environment they could answer whichever way they want because there isn’t anyone to meet face to face to speak. Professor, you have been a wonderful teacher and mentor for us. I couldn’t have asked for anyone better. Even though some of the weeks were challenging I was able to overcome them. What I enjoyed the most was the budgeting planning in Unit 6. I am always looking to grow within my job and department, so learning some other things and being able to speak with my peers about what I have learned enables me to show that I am eager to move up the ladder of success and get promoted. I think that the Wiley assignments were very educational and with the 5 chances that we were given to do the work, this really helped me analyze and truly learn how to solve a problem. Discuss how this course has affected you in your professional development as a student and as a person as well as encouraging you on your academic path. This course has helped me professionally develop skills that I have had hidden. I, at times am afraid to take the next step because of what I am afraid may be the outcome, but seeing these assignments week by week and being able to achieve these challenges has really made me a more confident person and has given me the push I need to be able to begin working on opening my own business which is to open a Laundromat. I look so forward to graduating and moving forward to my future.

Part of Your World Essay

The song Part of Your World is from the movie The Little Mermaid and is sung by the main character, Ariel. This song embodies the ultimate goal of Ariel throughout the whole movie, which is to be a part of the world above the sea, land. As the song states, Ariel wishes to be â€Å"where the people are†. The title of this song comes straight from the lyrics themselves, in the chorus. In the song Ariel is singing to her friend, Flounder. She is trying to convey to him why she thinks the world on land is better than under the sea. She says â€Å"Flippin’ your fins, you don’t get too far, Legs are required for jumping, dancing,† this shows us some of what she would be able to do if she had legs instead of fins. She desires to be a human, not a mermaid. Another idea is that this song has a deeper meaning other than being a part of this world above the sea. As much as she is trying to convince Flounder of the beauties of the land, the metaphor of the song is showing us that to follow your dreams can be exciting. There are many other things to experience other than what is right in front of us. In this song there are many end rhymes; one specific example is this line â€Å"Isn’t it neat? Wouldn’t you think my collections complete? † Neat and complete is an example of rhyming. Rhyming happens when there is a repetition of the concluding sounds. Neat and complete both sound like eat. End rhymes occur when the rhyming syllable is at the end of the line in the poem. This is a perfect example of end rhyme. Another poetic sound device in Part of Your World is repetition, which is found throughout this song. For example â€Å"Up where they walk, up where they run, Up where they stay all day in the sun,† the term â€Å"up where they† is repeated several times. Repetition is also found in this line â€Å"I wanna be where the people are, I wanna see, wanna see them dancin’,† I wanna is used throughout creating a beautiful poetic sound. This song makes great use of alliteration. Alliterations happen when a beginning consonant is repeated like in this example â€Å"Flippin’ your fins, you don’t get too far. The repetitive use of the letter f creates a fun and exciting poetic sound device. Rhyming, specifically end rhyming, repetitions, and alliterations are three important poetic devices that are found in this song. These help the song flow along smoothly and make the song more interesting for the listener. Previously I mentioned the use of a metaphor. Metaphor is an example of a figure of speech or figurative device. Another example of this is a hyp erbole. Hyperbole is used in this song to better emphasize just how much Ariel would like to be a part of this new world she describes. â€Å"Bet’cha on land they understand, Bet they don’t reprimand their daughters† is a hyperbole; hyperbole is an over-exaggeration used to better emphasize a point. Metaphor and hyperbole are two figurative devices used in this song. Alan Menken and Howard Ashman, the writers of Part of Your World, use these various poetic and figurative devices beautifully in order to give you a better idea of Ariel’s desires and life goals. Jodi Benson does a beautiful job, as well, of conveying Ariel’s longing to visit this land above. One might believe the goal of this song truly is to allow the listener to look more broadly at his or her own life and decide if all needs are met. The figurative language in this song, hyperbole and metaphor, greater emphasize her goals and the poetic devices used make the song more enticing to the ear. This song gives the listener a hope for a greater future.

Stated in the case

From the case, I could notice that divisions and therefore company itself is treating AM division almost as a separate business and the three divisions would like to make more profit while selling goods to AM division. Partly it is a exult of incentive system based only on ROI, and historic fact that in the past all these divisions were separate companies. I would recommend short term solution to make process of fixing the price for AM division simple. Solution could be that we use simple formula for internal AM division : cost price + minimum profit margin.Since, incentives are not affected directly by this formula, it should be very easy to use it and I can ‘ t see any valid reason why not to use it instead of current one which is spending directors and division managers time and effort to set the price for every case separately. Long term solution based on my experience is to integrate three divisions into AM division, but keeping all their major advantages as separate divis ions and also to incentive divisions as part of AM sale. Second concern is that three divisions are treating AM division as an unwanted brother.Since company has quite frigid incentive systems divisions don ‘t benefit while selling to AM division. In their ROI based incentive system it has much more sense to sell same products to MOM than to AM. By keeping this behavior in Abram organization, they are holding AM to grow bigger and show its full potential. By combining incentive with AM division results this problem would be solved. Third concern is excessive inventory throughout the year. Based on my experience would say that this problem has roots in quite complex and slow† organization/management.Three completely independent division are unnecessary and by having one one main planning for production (three division) and one planning for sales (AM division), Abram could implement a more leaner inventory planning since instead of having 4 separate planning, and with thre e of them for production, we will have two major planning. Side effect would be increasing negotiation power while purchasing goods and more efficient inventory level. 2nd Question: What is your overall evaluation of Abram s management control system? Describe and strengths or weaknesses that you identified, but did not include in answering previous question.What changes, if any, would you recommend to top management? Abram current measurement system is based on ROI. My opinion is that it sin ;t suitable for a company like Abram is. Any investment done in this year will affect your bonuses in the next, and actually this system denominates oh to improve your systems, equipment or educate staff. In the era of fast changing companies and Internet, it is extremely dangerous to have a system in a company that forces managers all the time to use maximum from the equipment and people without any upgrades.Sometimes, if a competition is strong, and it is stated in the case, that industry is very price sensitive, if you don ‘ t upgrade or invest you will lose you market share since somebody else will invest only because we gave them the space. Weaknesses of Abram company would be: Dangerous ROI measurement system Fragmented inefficient organization, with implementing leaner systems it can become much more cost efficient Strategy that stops divisions to reach its full potential.Examples, AM can ‘t sell products from other brands. Some brands are market leaders in the industry and Abram spare parts could be sold as a side part or compatible part or combo. Divisions are denominated to invest in the future and upgrades. Each division has it own sales director selling to MOM. By having sales centralized, by accomplishing one big MOM deal Abram could sell products from 2 or even three divisions, at the moment their maximum is to sell only product from their division.Planning is not centralized and therefore company is not using its full negotiating strength Streng ths of Abram company would be: They have incentive system which shows that they understand that one of the main drivers to success are employees engaged in companies goals They have clear management structure. It is quite inefficient but by having a structure it shows that they could change it and have more efficient firm structure again They have ongoing business and therefore good position to feel all positive changes they implement.

Caring Ageing Population Focus Canada Health And Social Care Essay

One of the most dramatic demographic tendencies in the universe today is the ripening of the population: an addition in the proportion of senior citizens relative to the young person and working age population. The grounds for this tendency are frequently complex. Some of the grounds could be the enormous impact of the â€Å" babe boomer † coevals, additions in life anticipation, alterations in birthrate forms and for many geographical locations, emigration of the younger members of society. This population alteration is apparent in rural Canada where there is a higher ratio of seniors to youth. With this alteration in composing of the rural population, the demands for services are increasing ; in peculiar, primary wellness attention services are particularly of import for senior citizens in rural countries. This includes more focal point on bar and intervention of common diseases and hurts, basic exigency services and wellness publicity. In this essay, I will be analyzing Can ada ‘s ageing population, primary wellness attention services, enterprises taken by LHIN ‘s in Ontario to undertake the issue and besides European schemes. Canada ‘s Ageing Population Canada faces important ripening of its population as the proportion of seniors increases more quickly than all other age groups. Seniors can be defined as those above the age of 65. In 2001, one in eight Canadians were aged 65 old ages or over. By 2026, one Canadian in five will hold reached age 65. The challenges of an ageing Canadian society will necessitate: continued attempts to better wellness, wellbeing and independency in ulterior life ; ease the engagement of older Canadians in economic and societal life ; strengthen the supportive environments within communities ; and, prolong authorities plans profiting Canadians of all ages. Canada ‘s seniors are a diverse population. Issues related to their overall wellness and wellbeing may change depending on their topographic point of abode ( urban, rural, or northern countries ) , their gender, and their ethno-cultural background every bit good as if they are among Canada ‘s Aboriginal people. Primary Health Care Services Primary wellness attention refers to an attack to wellness and a spectrum of services beyond the traditional wellness attention system. It includes all services that play a portion in wellness, such as income, lodging, instruction, and environment. Primary attention is the component within primary wellness attention that focuses on wellness attention services, including wellness publicity, unwellness and hurt bar, and the diagnosing and intervention of unwellness and hurt. Primary Health Care is besides relevant to secondary and third attention. The Primary Health Care attack focuses on advancing wellness and forestalling unwellness. The Primary Health Care attack means being attentive to and turn toing the many factors in the societal, economic and physical environments that affect heath – from diet, income and schooling, to relationships, lodging, workplaces, civilization and environmental quality. In add-on, the Primary Health Care attack topographic points citizens and pat ients on the same degree with wellness professionals when it comes to doing determinations about wellness issues that concern them. The five rules normally associated with the Primary Health Care attack are handiness, public engagement, wellness publicity, appropriate engineering and intersectoral cooperation. Accessibility refers to a go oning and organized supply of indispensable wellness services available to all people with no unreasonable geographic or fiscal barriers. Public engagement means persons and communities have the right and duty to be active spouses in doing determinations about their wellness attention and the wellness of their communities. Health Promotion is the procedure of enabling people to increase control over and to better their wellness. Appropriate engineering includes methods of attention, service bringing, processs and equipment that are socially acceptable and low-cost. Inter-sectoral cooperation is the committedness from all sectors ( authorities, comm unity and wellness ) is indispensable for meaningful action on wellness determiners. Health Care in Rural Canada The challenge of supplying good quality wellness attention close to place in a state as huge and sparsely populated as Canada is non new. In malice of major scientific promotions and a wellness attention system that is rated amongst the top in the universe, the challenge remains. A figure of factors play a function in the handiness of, and entree to, good quality attention for rural occupants. Distribution of Doctors The uneven rural-urban distribution of doctors has been at the Centre of treatment for a figure of old ages. Less than 10 % of all doctors are known to be practising in rural Canada where about 20 % of the Canadian population resides. When the information is broken down between household doctors general practicians and specializers, it is clear that specializers are even more under-represented in rural parts. Rural parts encounter troubles in recruiting and retaining doctors. Many factors play a function in a doctor ‘s determination to come in rural pattern, including both personal and professional dimensions. Physicians most interested in working in rural countries frequently come from rural backgrounds and are committed to working in this environment. Physicians ‘ determinations to go forth rural pattern are normally influenced by non-monetary factors, such as a deficit of professional back-up, long hours of work, limited chances for farther medical preparation, deficient occupation chances for spouses, and concerns over kids ‘s educational chances. Degrees of satisfaction with rural work appear to lift with propinquity to big urban Centres. Several inducements are being implemented to promote and retain doctors in rural parts by most states and new schemes are ever being discussed. Another suggestion for covering with the deficit of rural doctors is to do rural wellness a more of import portion of the course of study in medical schools across Canada. The Canadian Medical Association has put forth recommendations that the instruction of doctors for rural pattern deserves particular attending to guarantee adequateness and rightness of larning experiences to run into the alone demands of rural Canada. Medical specializers are besides under-represented in rural countries with, harmonizing to the Canadian Medical Association, merely 5 % of the entire figure of Canadian specializers practising in rural countries. In Ontario, merely 4 % of specializers pattern in rural communities. This state of affairs is expected to go worse in the following 20 old ages, when two-thirds of retiring doctors will be specializers and one-third household physicians/general practicians. This deficit of specializers will doubtless hold an impact on the rural community. It is of import to observe that there are grounds that one can reason with to apologize the uneven distribution of doctors. With Canada ‘s rural population being sparsely distributed in little Numberss, it is non executable to hold many doctors in rural and distant countries where the population is merely a few hundred. Having doctors for such a little figure of people is non economically executable and can take away from other countries that have a greater population. Sing the fact that many to a great extent populated countries are already missing doctors, increasing the figure of doctors for smaller populations may non be the best determination. Distribution of other Health Care Professionals The distribution of doctors is one of the biggest jobs in rural Canada and it is besides the most widely discussed ; nevertheless, it is of import to observe that the handiness of and entree to, other wellness attention professionals is besides of concern. The Canadian Medical Association has found that there is a deficiency of psychiatric nurses, physical healers, occupational healers, address diagnosticians and linguistic communication diagnosticians in rural countries. Attempts are being made to counterbalance for this job by implementing household wellness squads. A Family Health Team is an attack to primary wellness attention that brings together different wellness attention suppliers to give the best possible quality of attention for the patient. Family Health Teams consist of physicians, nurses, nurse practicians and other wellness attention professionals who work together and convey their ain alone experiences and accomplishments so that the patient receives the really best attention when it is needed. This attack is designed to convey wellness attention as stopping point to place as possible for people populating in rural and distant countries every bit good as urban countries. This attack is besides meant to give physicians support from other wellness attention professionals so doctors and general practicians do non hold to bear the load of covering with patients entirely. Distribution of Health Care installations There is an uneven distribution of infirmary services and wellness attention installations and this reflects the uneven distribution of medical professionals every bit good. The sum of clip and distance it takes for people populating in rural countries to acquire to wellness attention installations is a major job. Traveling for a long clip for a long distance requires clip and money and besides adds to the uncomfortableness of the individual that is badly. There are no infirmaries in many little rural communities. The nearby urban Centres may hold infirmaries with basic medical installations. However, patients need to be taken to big urban Centres when specialized intervention is needed. For illustration, in Ontario, larger rural communities have infirmaries that provide indispensable services such as 24-hour exigency attention, OBs, anesthesia, and general surgery. Smaller infirmaries may besides supply these installations ; nevertheless, these medical installations can be dependent on specializers who may necessitate to be brought in from different infirmaries located in urban Centres. Rural countries have a limited figure of infirmaries which provide a limited figure of services, unlike their urban opposite numbers. When infirmaries do non supply certain services, that can be an issue for people populating in those countries, who already have such limited picks on their wellness attention. For illustration, if the lone infirmary available in a distant country is operated by spiritual leaders and followings, so installations such as abortion can non be available to the people. Although the option of abortion is available in several urban countries, many rural countries do non hold the option and if person is seeking abortion, so they would hold to go long distances to entree such a installation. It is of import to observe that similar to doctors, it may non be economically executable to hold a infirmary for every distant country where the population is much smaller than many of the urban countries. Hence, alternate options such as household wellness squads can be a good option for many of the rural countries. Rural Seniors Large populations of seniors in Canada live in rural countries. Approximately, one tierce of Canada ‘s seniors live in rural countries and little towns. Seniors are besides the largest consumers of wellness attention. A figure of wellness jobs are peculiarly prevailing among aged Canadians, including depression, dementedness ( including Alzheimer ‘s Disease ) , osteoporosis, malnutrition, and loss of bodily maps ( sight, hearing, mobility, continency ) . All of these may necessitate specialised medical attention and support services. Traveling long distances to make needed services is peculiarly disputing for seniors with mobility jobs. The bulk of senior in Canada live independently and it has repeatedly been proven through surveies that independency is a critical influence in seniors ‘ lodging picks. The capacity to populate independently, nevertheless, depends upon a figure of factors, including wellness, fiscal position, and the handiness of support services, which include professional services, such as medical or personal attention. Over the old ages, a figure of support services have been developed to assist seniors. These services include repasts for seniors, particular transit, home-care, sing home-makers, societal and recreational plans, and reding and information. Although these services are effectual, they are for the big portion available merely in urban countries. In rural and distant countries there are jobs with entree to primary wellness attention. The deficiency of afterhours services can take to the usage of exigency suites in the infirmary for instances that are non so terrible such as minor hurts or unwellness. Besides, if primary attention suppliers such as household physicians are non available at all, so patients have no pick but to travel to exigency suites in infirmaries for minor hurts and unwellnesss. These patients who lack the primary attention supplier and therefore hold to see infirmaries are known as orphan patients. A bulk of the orphan patients are seniors. Besides, due to miss of appropriate attention, many of the patients that need specialized attention have to wait in infirmary beds, and occupy a bed, until they can be transported to other medical installations that offer such attention. The patients that occupy hospital beds in such manner are known as patients who need Alternative degree of Care ( ALC ) . It is of import to cover with the deficiency of primary wellness services in rural countries in efficient ways because seniors are more concentrated in rural parts and seniors are the largest consumers of wellness attention. An effectual manner to undertake this would be to use household wellness squads as you can hold a assortment of professionals working together and this can be good to patients every bit good as the medical professionals. Another effectual manner to turn to this issue, particularly the issue of ALC, is to utilize telemedicine. Ontario has one of the largest telemedicine webs in the universe and it is known as the Ontario Telemedicine Network. Telemedicine is the bringing of health-related services and information utilizing telecommunications engineerings. Through videoconferencing, digital instruments like stethoscopes and patient scrutiny cameras, telemedicine can present wellness attention straight to the places of the patients alternatively of patients holding to go. This is particularly effectual in rural countries as the distance required to go can take a batch of clip and money. Cuting down on the traveling can besides be really good to seniors as they would salvage clip, money and they would non hold to go while ill. Telemedicine can assist with Alternative degree of Care patients as the patients now would non hold to go to urban Centres and travel to specializers as the specializers can now come to them via video-conferencing. North East LHIN Enterprises The Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care ( MOHLTC ) has started the Aging at Home Strategy with an purpose to reenforce the ability of community support services to let seniors to populate healthy, independent lives in their ain places. The enterprise is being led by the Local Health Integration Networks ( LHINs ) , with each LHIN having a specific support allotment to run into the demands of their local communities. Programs being funded include: enhanced place attention and community support services such as repasts, transit, shopping, snow shovelling and attention giving supports. The North East LHIN ‘s enterprise can be peculiarly helpful with primary wellness attention. Their inaugural includes heightening the scope of place attention services for seniors to avoid unneeded ER admittances and support seasonably discharge from ER and infirmary. The North East LHIN besides looks to make intensive community based instance direction, in-home primary attention, enhanced community supports and enhanced mental wellness services. European Primary Health Services Initiatives States in Europe besides experience similar issues in primary wellness attention services as Canada does. Looking at the enterprises taken by European states and comparing it to initiatives taken in Canada can be an effectual manner to compare and contrast the different wellness systems and besides to look for farther betterments in the Canadian wellness attention system. In Greece, the authorities has put forth the thought of community Centres for the business and protection of older people. There are many of these Centres, called KAPI, throughout the state. These Centres combine the socialising facet with primary wellness attention installations every bit good as other societal services. These Centres have societal nines and activities every bit good as primary wellness attention suppliers including doctors and physical therapists. Baseball clubs such as these can besides possibly be effectual in Canada. The nines do non needfully hold to be extras like those in Greece, but utilizing a similar thought can be helpful in footings of primary wellness attention services for seniors. Decision With the uninterrupted rise of the ageing population in Canada, the demand for primary wellness attention services are increasing. This includes more focal point on bar and intervention of common diseases and hurts, basic exigency services and wellness publicity. It is of import to implement primary wellness attention services in rural Canada as the bulk of Canada ‘s seniors live in rural countries and besides because seniors are the biggest consumers of wellness attention. Current enterprises such as household wellness squads, tele-medicine and the Aging at Home Strategy are taking good paces in footings of presenting primary wellness attention services. A combination of such plans along with larning from several plan applied around the universe can take to better primary wellness attention services for seniors, every bit good as the population as a whole.